What is lymphedema?
Lymphedema is a long-term condition where extra fluid builds up in your tissues because the lymphatic system isn’t draining properly. This leads to swelling, most often in the arms or legs, but sometimes in other areas too. It can occur after surgery, trauma, radiation therapy, certain medical conditions or, rarely, without a known cause.
Common symptoms
Lymphedema may start subtly and become more noticeable over time. You may experience:
Persistent or sudden swelling
Fullness, heaviness, or tightness in the limb
Puffiness or redness of the skin
Thickened skin over time
Joints feeling stiff or less flexible
Clothes, shoes, or jewelry feeling unusually tight
Burning, itching, or discomfort
Visible differences in limb size
Reduced visibility of veins or tendons in hands and feet
Causes
Congenital lymphedema accounts for approximately 10–25% of all primary lymphedema cases. The condition may be present at birth or develop within the first year of life. Females are affected about twice as often as males, and the lower extremities are involved nearly three times more frequently than the upper extremities.
Lymphedema can develop due to:
- Breast or pelvic surgery involving lymph node removal
- Radiation therapy, which may scar or block lymphatic vessels
- Trauma or injury to lymphatic channels
- Infections that damage lymphatic drainage, such as filariasis, a mosquito-borne nematode infection caused by the parasite Wuchereria bancrofti.
- Obesity, which puts extra pressure on lymph nodes and vessels
- Lack of activity, affecting lymph flow
- Tumors that block lymphatic pathways
- Heart or kidney conditions that cause fluid retention
- Chronic vascular issues affecting fluid balance
Diagnosis
To determine the cause of swelling and assess lymphatic function, your clinician may recommend the following tests:
- Doppler ultrasound – Evaluates blood flow and helps rule out venous conditions such as blood clots.
- CT or MRI scan – Provides detailed cross-sectional images to identify structural causes of swelling, including compression or obstruction of lymphatic vessels.
- Certain blood tests – Performed to look for an underlying infective or inflammatory cause contributing to lymphatic damage.
- Lymphoscintigraphy – A specialized nuclear imaging test that provides detailed visualization of lymphatic channels. It helps define lymphatic anatomy and patency, assess lymph flow dynamics and reversal of flow, and determine the severity of lymphatic obstruction.
- Lymphangiography – An advanced imaging technique used to directly visualize lymphatic vessels, often helpful in complex cases or when planning surgical or interventional treatment.
Why screen early?
- Early swelling is easier to control before the skin and tissues become firm.
- Timely treatment lowers the risk of infections and long-term complications.
- Early intervention helps preserve mobility, comfort, and limb shape.
- Screening also identifies underlying causes such as vascular issues or post-surgical changes that may need attention.
Stages of lymphedema
- Stage 0: Feeling of heaviness or tightness, no visible swelling
- Stage I: Swelling that improves with elevation
- Stage II: Persistent swelling; skin may feel firmer
- Stage III: Marked swelling with wart like growths and skin changes in colour or texture
Treatment Options
Treatment focuses on reducing swelling, preventing complications, and improving comfort. Depending on severity, options may include:
Conservative/Physical Treatments
- Compression garments (sleeves, socks, wraps) to move fluid out of tissues
- Manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) – gentle massage performed by trained therapists
- Multilayer compression bandaging after MLD
- Compression pump devices to keep fluid moving
- Elevation of swollen limbs
- Exercise to stimulate lymph flow
- Pharmacological Therapy - Medications may be prescribed to treat an underlying cause such as infection or inflammation that is contributing to lymphatic damage. While medicines do not cure lymphedema, they play an important role in managing associated conditions and preventing progression.
Advanced Surgical Treatments (for severe cases)
- Lymphatic bypass – rerouting lymph vessels into veins
- Lymph node transfer – replacing damaged nodes with healthy ones
- Debulking procedures – removing excess tissue in advanced stages
Why Choose RIVEA for Lymphedema Treatment
RIVEA’s surgical expertise is led by Dr. Syed Ali, a specialist trained in Singapore, with an MCh in Vascular Surgery from a leading government institute in Madurai. He is highly regarded for his skill in complex open vascular and lymphatic surgeries and is among the very few surgeons in India with dedicated expertise in lymphatic disease surgery.
At RIVEA, patients can expect:
- Detailed evaluation using advanced imaging
- A tailored treatment plan based on the severity and progression of your condition
- Guidance on lifestyle care and long-term symptom control
- Access to surgical options when suitable and necessary
Living with lymphedema can affect your physical comfort and emotional wellbeing, but timely care can make a meaningful difference. Small everyday changes including healthy habits, gentle exercise, and proper limb care can greatly improve symptoms. Your healthcare provider can guide you with treatments that help you feel better and stay in control.
If swelling or discomfort is affecting your routine, don’t wait.
Seek early care and find the support you need to manage lymphedema confidently.
FAQs
How does lymphedema affect my body?
It causes swelling and heaviness that may limit daily activities and affect appearance.
Is lymphedema serious?
Yes—untreated swelling may lead to infections and, rarely, long-term skin changes.
Are there different types?
Yes—primary (genetic) and secondary (caused by surgery, injury, or medical conditions).
Is lymphedema a form of cancer?
No, it is not cancer.
Can lymphedema be cured?
There’s no cure, but treatment can effectively manage symptoms.
What is primary lymphedema?
A rare, inherited condition where the lymphatic system doesn’t form normally.
What is secondary lymphedema?
Lymphedema caused by damage to the lymphatic system, often after cancer treatments.
What should I expect long-term?
With regular treatment and lifestyle adjustments, symptoms can be well-controlled.
How to reduce lymphedema risk?
- Monitor for early changes in limb size
- Elevate swollen limbs when possible
- Stay active to keep fluid moving
- Avoid extreme heat and tight clothing
Living with lymphedema?
- Wear loose, comfortable clothes and closed-toe shoes
- Avoid crossing your legs while sitting
- Take short movement breaks every 30 minutes
- Use compression garments during long travel (if advised)
How to protect against infections?
- Wash hands often and keep skin moisturized
- Wear gloves for chores and use an electric razor
- Treat cuts immediately and watch for signs of infection
What sort of exercise regimen should I follow?
- Warm up and cool down properly
- Start slow—10 minutes a day, building up gradually
- Avoid movements that strain the affected limb
- Stop if you feel pain or increased swelling
What kind of diet should I follow?
- Reduce salt to minimize fluid retention
- Drink adequate water
- Focus on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein
